Citizen Soldiers
In Citizen Soldiers – The U.S. Army From The Normandy
Beaches To The Bulge To The Surrender Of Germany author Stephen Ambrose tells
the story of the American foot soldier's experience in Europe. Ambrose, one of my favorite military
historians also wrote my favorite history book. It was Undaunted Courage the
story of the Lewis and Clark expedition And what a story it is, all from the point of view of the men who did
the actual fighting. Down and dirty….
This point of view is somewhat new and fresh considering the
thousands of books published on this war by and about the leaders and politicians whose perspective
was from the top down. Mr. Hulls review
in the New York Times gives us a hint of why this is so.
By Michael D. Hull
One chilly morning in November 1944, Lieutenant General
Brian Horrocks, commander of the British XXX Corps, climbed into a jeep and was
driven to the front to "smell this new American battlefield." The
untested U.S. 84th Infantry Division had been placed under his command for the
attack on Geilenkirchen, north of Aachen, on the Dutch-German border. When he
reached the division area, Horrocks was halted abruptly by an American sentry,
who leaped out from behind a tree, pointed his rifle menacingly at the
general's stomach and shouted, "Who the hell are you?"
Horrocks got out of the jeep gingerly and replied, "I
am a Britisher–and what's more, your division has just been placed under my
command."
The GI looked at him incredulously and asked his rank.
"A three-star general," answered Horrocks.
"Holy Moses!" said the soldier. "We don't see
many of them up here."
Horrocks reported later that he was "able to meet and
chat to a number of these fine-looking young soldiers." And he soon
discovered a front-line problem that reminded him all too much of his grim
World War I experiences in the trenches.
"It soon became obvious that, with the exception of the
U.S. paratroop divisions, whose commanders literally lived with their forward
troops (and, of course, with the exception of Patton), the normal U.S. corps
and divisional commanders rarely, if ever, visited their forward troops,"
recalled Horrocks. "This was something I had to put right without delay,
because of the appalling wintry conditions which the 84th were likely to meet
in this their first experience of battle, opposed by experienced,
battle-hardened German troops."
Horrocks ordered the 43rd Wessex Division, the Sherwood
Rangers Yeomanry, and artillery and specialized tank units to support the
Americans. He also ensured that the U.S. troops received hot food and dry
socks, in order to boost morale.
The 84th Division secured its objectives in the Battle of Geilenkirchen,
one of the hardest fought actions at the battalion, company and platoon level
in the European theater. General Horrocks said he was "filled with
admiration for the extreme gallantry displayed by the raw GIs."
The problem of commanders being out of touch with their
troops was becoming endemic throughout the U.S. Army forces in the European
Theater of Operations (ETO), says Stephen Ambrose in Citizen Soldiers (Simon
Schuster, New York, 1997), his compelling foxhole-level history of the
soldiers' war from Normandy to the German surrender. Not even battalion
commanders were going to the front. It was humiliating, Ambrose says, that a
British general had to order American staff officers and their commanding
officers to go check on their soldiers. The American officers' absence was
costly, for tens of thousands of young Americans and Germans died that November
in battles–most notably in the Hürtgen Forest–that did little to hasten the end
of the war and should have been avoided.
The hardships endured by American troops in the hedgerows
and foxholes of northwest Europe–and the courage, resilience and adaptability
with which they faced them–are chronicled vividly in this masterpiece of
historical narrative. It is a stunning account–affectionate, yet honest–of
ordinary men learning to beat a stubborn, well-trained foe at his own game.
From Omaha Beach to St. Lô, and from Bastogne to Cologne, they marched,
shivered, fought, groused, bled, died and triumphed magnificently.
One of the most articulate and informed historians writing
today, Stephen Ambrose has distilled in brilliant clarity the essence of the
American character that helped to preserve global freedom. Without doubt, his
book will enthrall every veteran, scholar and general reader.
When the GIs sailed for Europe, as the author points out,
they were going not as conquerors but as liberators. General Dwight D.
Eisenhower, supreme Allied commander, told them their mission in his June 6,
1944, order of the day: "The destruction of the German war machine, the
elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security
for ourselves in a free world."
The U.S. troops accomplished their mission. And, in the
process, they helped to liberate the peoples of France, Belgium, Holland and
Luxembourg and the Germans living west of the Elbe River.
